JOMPAC
Journal of Medicine and Palliative Care

Journal of Medicine and Palliative Care (JOMPAC) is an open access scientific journal with independent, unbiased, and double-blind review under international guidelines. The purpose of JOMPAC is to contribute to the literature by publishing articles on health sciences and medicine.

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Original Article
The impact of thyroid dysfunction on domain-specific cognitive performance: a cross-sectional study
Abstract
Aims: While thyroid dysfunction has been implicated in cognitive impairment, its domain-specific effects remain unclear. This study investigates the relationship between thyroid status and performance across distinct cognitive domains in older adults.
Methods: We analyzed 166 participants (32 controls, 48 mild cognitive impairment, 86 Alzheimer's disease) aged 50-80 years without pre-existing thyroid conditions. Participants underwent comprehensive assessment including Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR). Thyroid status was classified by TSH levels: low (4.78 µIU/ml). Data normality was evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and non-parametric methods were applied due to non-normal distributions. Spearman’s correlation and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for bivariate analyses. Chi-square tests assessed associations between thyroid status and categorical variables. A multinomial logistic regression model was employed to identify predictors of thyroid status, with the low TSH group as the reference category. To address class imbalance, the SMOTE technique was applied, and multicollinearity was examined using the variance inflation factor (VIF).
Results: Among the MMSE subdomains, recall, orientation, and attention and calculation were significantly associated with thyroid status. Recall was a strong predictor for both normal and high TSH levels. Orientation scores positively predicted normal TSH and negatively predicted high TSH. Attention and calculation was significantly associated only with normal TSH. Additionally, higher CDR scores were significantly linked to high TSH status.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that rather than evaluating global cognition, domain-specific cognitive assessment may provide more meaningful insights into the cognitive effects of thyroid dysfunction.

Keywords : Thyroid dysfunction, cognitive domains, Mini-Mental State Exam, dementia, TSH, cognitive impairment

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1. Alzheimer’s Association 2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2019;15(3):321-387. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.01.010
2. Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14(1):e1-e26. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x
3. Sheng X, Gao J, Chen K, Zhu X, Wang Y. Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid stimulating hormone, and dementia risk: results from the NHANES 2011-2012 and Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2024;16:1456525. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024. 1456525
4. Sinha SH, Zietlow K, Papaleontiou M. Thyroid function and cognitive decline: a narrative review. Endocr Pract. 2024;30(11):1113-1118. doi:10. 1016/j.eprac.2024.07.013
5. Niedowicz DM, Wang WX, Price DA, Xie K, Patel E, Nelson PT. Impact of thyroid hormone perturbations in adult mice: brain weight and blood vessel changes, gene expression variation, and neurobehavioral outcomes. Neurobiol Aging. 2023;128:74-84. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging. 2023.04.012
6. Güngen C, Ertan T, Eker E, Yaşar R, Engin F. Standardize Mini Mental Test'in Türk toplumunda hafif demans tanisinda geçerlik ve güvenilirliği [Reliability and validity of the standardized Mini Mental State Examination in the diagnosis of mild dementia in Turkish population]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2002;13(4):273-281.
7. Morris JC. The clinical dementia rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993;43(11):2412-2414. doi:10.1212/wnl.43.11.2412-a
8. Bernal J. Thyroid hormone receptors in brain development and function. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007;3(3):249-259. doi:10. 1038/ncpendmet0424
9. Akintola AA, Jansen SW, van Bodegom D, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cognitive function in people over 60 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015;7:150. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00150
10. Thvilum M, Brandt F, Lillevang-Johansen M, Folkestad L, Brix TH, Hegedüs L. Increased risk of dementia in hypothyroidism: a Danish nationwide register-based study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021;94(6):1017-1024. doi:10.1111/cen.14424
11. van Vliet NA, van Heemst D, Almeida OP, et al. Association of thyroid dysfunction with cognitive function: an individual participant data analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(11):1440-1450. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5078
12. Kamyshna II, Pavlovych LB, Kamyshnyi AM. Prediction of the cognitive impairment development in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism. Endocr Regul. 2022;56(3):178-189. doi:10.2478/enr-2022-0019
13. Smith JW, Evans AT, Costall B. Thyroid hormones, brain function, and cognition: a brief review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2002;26(1):45-60. doi: 10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00059-4
14. Correia N, Mullally S, Cooke G, et al. Evidence for a specific defect in hippocampal memory in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(10):3789-3797. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0555
15. Samuels MH. Psychiatric and cognitive manifestations of hypothyroidism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014;21(5):377-383. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000089
16. Lou K, Liu S, Zhang F, et al. The effect of hyperthyroidism on cognitive function, neuroinflammation, and necroptosis in APP/PS1 mice. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):657. doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04511-x
17. Tan ZS, Vasan RS. Thyroid function and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;16(3):503-507. doi:10.3233/JAD-2009-0991
18. Chaker L, Wolters FJ, Bos D, et al. Thyroid function and the risk of dementia: the Rotterdam study. Neurology. 2017;88(18):1688-1696. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003987
19. Rieben C, Segna D, da Costa BR, et al. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(12):4945-4954. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2129
20. Zou Y, Wang Q, Cheng X. Causal relationship between basal metabolic rate and Alzheimer's disease: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Neurol Ther. 2023;12(3):763-776. doi:10.1007/s40120-023-00458-9
21. Salehipour A, Dolatshahi M, Haghshomar M, Amin J. The role of thyroid dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2023;10(2):276-286. doi:10.14283/jpad.2023.20
22. Tang X, Song ZH, Wang D, et al. Spectrum of thyroid dysfunction and dementia: a dose-response meta-analysis of 344.248 individuals from cohort studies. Endocr Connect. 2021;10(4):410-421. doi:10.1530/EC-21-0047
23. Hu Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, et al. Is thyroid status associated with cognitive impairment in elderly patients in China? BMC Endocr Disord. 2016;16(1): 1-7. doi:10.1186/s12902-016-0091-0
24. Bensenor IM, Lotufo PA, Menezes PR, et al. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and cognitive decline: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(12):4485-4493. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2182
25. Rieben C, Segna D, da Costa BR, et al. Association of subclinical thyroid dysfunction with cognitive function: an individual participant data analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(11):1702-1709. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4011
26. Jurado-Flores M, Warda F, Mooradian A. Pathophysiology and clinical features of neuropsychiatric manifestations of thyroid disease. J Endocr Soc. 2022;6(2):bvab194. doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab194
1. Alzheimer’s Association 2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2019;15(3):321-387. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.01.010
2. Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14(1):e1-e26. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x
3. Sheng X, Gao J, Chen K, Zhu X, Wang Y. Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid stimulating hormone, and dementia risk: results from the NHANES 2011-2012 and Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2024;16:1456525. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024. 1456525
4. Sinha SH, Zietlow K, Papaleontiou M. Thyroid function and cognitive decline: a narrative review. Endocr Pract. 2024;30(11):1113-1118. doi:10. 1016/j.eprac.2024.07.013
5. Niedowicz DM, Wang WX, Price DA, Xie K, Patel E, Nelson PT. Impact of thyroid hormone perturbations in adult mice: brain weight and blood vessel changes, gene expression variation, and neurobehavioral outcomes. Neurobiol Aging. 2023;128:74-84. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging. 2023.04.012
6. Güngen C, Ertan T, Eker E, Yaşar R, Engin F. Standardize Mini Mental Test'in Türk toplumunda hafif demans tanisinda geçerlik ve güvenilirliği [Reliability and validity of the standardized Mini Mental State Examination in the diagnosis of mild dementia in Turkish population]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2002;13(4):273-281.
7. Morris JC. The clinical dementia rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993;43(11):2412-2414. doi:10.1212/wnl.43.11.2412-a
8. Bernal J. Thyroid hormone receptors in brain development and function. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007;3(3):249-259. doi:10. 1038/ncpendmet0424
9. Akintola AA, Jansen SW, van Bodegom D, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cognitive function in people over 60 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015;7:150. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00150
10. Thvilum M, Brandt F, Lillevang-Johansen M, Folkestad L, Brix TH, Hegedüs L. Increased risk of dementia in hypothyroidism: a Danish nationwide register-based study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021;94(6):1017-1024. doi:10.1111/cen.14424
11. van Vliet NA, van Heemst D, Almeida OP, et al. Association of thyroid dysfunction with cognitive function: an individual participant data analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(11):1440-1450. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5078
12. Kamyshna II, Pavlovych LB, Kamyshnyi AM. Prediction of the cognitive impairment development in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism. Endocr Regul. 2022;56(3):178-189. doi:10.2478/enr-2022-0019
13. Smith JW, Evans AT, Costall B. Thyroid hormones, brain function, and cognition: a brief review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2002;26(1):45-60. doi: 10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00059-4
14. Correia N, Mullally S, Cooke G, et al. Evidence for a specific defect in hippocampal memory in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(10):3789-3797. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0555
15. Samuels MH. Psychiatric and cognitive manifestations of hypothyroidism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014;21(5):377-383. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000089
16. Lou K, Liu S, Zhang F, et al. The effect of hyperthyroidism on cognitive function, neuroinflammation, and necroptosis in APP/PS1 mice. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):657. doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04511-x
17. Tan ZS, Vasan RS. Thyroid function and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;16(3):503-507. doi:10.3233/JAD-2009-0991
18. Chaker L, Wolters FJ, Bos D, et al. Thyroid function and the risk of dementia: the Rotterdam study. Neurology. 2017;88(18):1688-1696. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003987
19. Rieben C, Segna D, da Costa BR, et al. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(12):4945-4954. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2129
20. Zou Y, Wang Q, Cheng X. Causal relationship between basal metabolic rate and Alzheimer's disease: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Neurol Ther. 2023;12(3):763-776. doi:10.1007/s40120-023-00458-9
21. Salehipour A, Dolatshahi M, Haghshomar M, Amin J. The role of thyroid dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2023;10(2):276-286. doi:10.14283/jpad.2023.20
22. Tang X, Song ZH, Wang D, et al. Spectrum of thyroid dysfunction and dementia: a dose-response meta-analysis of 344.248 individuals from cohort studies. Endocr Connect. 2021;10(4):410-421. doi:10.1530/EC-21-0047
23. Hu Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, et al. Is thyroid status associated with cognitive impairment in elderly patients in China? BMC Endocr Disord. 2016;16(1): 1-7. doi:10.1186/s12902-016-0091-0
24. Bensenor IM, Lotufo PA, Menezes PR, et al. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and cognitive decline: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(12):4485-4493. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2182
25. Rieben C, Segna D, da Costa BR, et al. Association of subclinical thyroid dysfunction with cognitive function: an individual participant data analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(11):1702-1709. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4011
26. Jurado-Flores M, Warda F, Mooradian A. Pathophysiology and clinical features of neuropsychiatric manifestations of thyroid disease. J Endocr Soc. 2022;6(2):bvab194. doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab194
1. Alzheimer’s Association 2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2019;15(3):321-387. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.01.010
2. Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14(1):e1-e26. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x
3. Sheng X, Gao J, Chen K, Zhu X, Wang Y. Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid stimulating hormone, and dementia risk: results from the NHANES 2011-2012 and Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2024;16:1456525. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024. 1456525
4. Sinha SH, Zietlow K, Papaleontiou M. Thyroid function and cognitive decline: a narrative review. Endocr Pract. 2024;30(11):1113-1118. doi:10. 1016/j.eprac.2024.07.013
5. Niedowicz DM, Wang WX, Price DA, Xie K, Patel E, Nelson PT. Impact of thyroid hormone perturbations in adult mice: brain weight and blood vessel changes, gene expression variation, and neurobehavioral outcomes. Neurobiol Aging. 2023;128:74-84. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging. 2023.04.012
6. Güngen C, Ertan T, Eker E, Yaşar R, Engin F. Standardize Mini Mental Test'in Türk toplumunda hafif demans tanisinda geçerlik ve güvenilirliği [Reliability and validity of the standardized Mini Mental State Examination in the diagnosis of mild dementia in Turkish population]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2002;13(4):273-281.
7. Morris JC. The clinical dementia rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993;43(11):2412-2414. doi:10.1212/wnl.43.11.2412-a
8. Bernal J. Thyroid hormone receptors in brain development and function. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007;3(3):249-259. doi:10. 1038/ncpendmet0424
9. Akintola AA, Jansen SW, van Bodegom D, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cognitive function in people over 60 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015;7:150. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00150
10. Thvilum M, Brandt F, Lillevang-Johansen M, Folkestad L, Brix TH, Hegedüs L. Increased risk of dementia in hypothyroidism: a Danish nationwide register-based study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021;94(6):1017-1024. doi:10.1111/cen.14424
11. van Vliet NA, van Heemst D, Almeida OP, et al. Association of thyroid dysfunction with cognitive function: an individual participant data analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(11):1440-1450. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5078
12. Kamyshna II, Pavlovych LB, Kamyshnyi AM. Prediction of the cognitive impairment development in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism. Endocr Regul. 2022;56(3):178-189. doi:10.2478/enr-2022-0019
13. Smith JW, Evans AT, Costall B. Thyroid hormones, brain function, and cognition: a brief review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2002;26(1):45-60. doi: 10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00059-4
14. Correia N, Mullally S, Cooke G, et al. Evidence for a specific defect in hippocampal memory in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(10):3789-3797. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0555
15. Samuels MH. Psychiatric and cognitive manifestations of hypothyroidism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014;21(5):377-383. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000089
16. Lou K, Liu S, Zhang F, et al. The effect of hyperthyroidism on cognitive function, neuroinflammation, and necroptosis in APP/PS1 mice. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):657. doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04511-x
17. Tan ZS, Vasan RS. Thyroid function and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;16(3):503-507. doi:10.3233/JAD-2009-0991
18. Chaker L, Wolters FJ, Bos D, et al. Thyroid function and the risk of dementia: the Rotterdam study. Neurology. 2017;88(18):1688-1696. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003987
19. Rieben C, Segna D, da Costa BR, et al. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(12):4945-4954. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2129
20. Zou Y, Wang Q, Cheng X. Causal relationship between basal metabolic rate and Alzheimer's disease: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Neurol Ther. 2023;12(3):763-776. doi:10.1007/s40120-023-00458-9
21. Salehipour A, Dolatshahi M, Haghshomar M, Amin J. The role of thyroid dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2023;10(2):276-286. doi:10.14283/jpad.2023.20
22. Tang X, Song ZH, Wang D, et al. Spectrum of thyroid dysfunction and dementia: a dose-response meta-analysis of 344.248 individuals from cohort studies. Endocr Connect. 2021;10(4):410-421. doi:10.1530/EC-21-0047
23. Hu Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, et al. Is thyroid status associated with cognitive impairment in elderly patients in China? BMC Endocr Disord. 2016;16(1): 1-7. doi:10.1186/s12902-016-0091-0
24. Bensenor IM, Lotufo PA, Menezes PR, et al. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and cognitive decline: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(12):4485-4493. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2182
25. Rieben C, Segna D, da Costa BR, et al. Association of subclinical thyroid dysfunction with cognitive function: an individual participant data analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(11):1702-1709. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4011
26. Jurado-Flores M, Warda F, Mooradian A. Pathophysiology and clinical features of neuropsychiatric manifestations of thyroid disease. J Endocr Soc. 2022;6(2):bvab194. doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab194
1. Alzheimer’s Association 2019 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer’s Dement. 2019;15(3):321-387. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.01.010
2. Waldemar G, Dubois B, Emre M, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14(1):e1-e26. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x
3. Sheng X, Gao J, Chen K, Zhu X, Wang Y. Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroid stimulating hormone, and dementia risk: results from the NHANES 2011-2012 and Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2024;16:1456525. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2024. 1456525
4. Sinha SH, Zietlow K, Papaleontiou M. Thyroid function and cognitive decline: a narrative review. Endocr Pract. 2024;30(11):1113-1118. doi:10. 1016/j.eprac.2024.07.013
5. Niedowicz DM, Wang WX, Price DA, Xie K, Patel E, Nelson PT. Impact of thyroid hormone perturbations in adult mice: brain weight and blood vessel changes, gene expression variation, and neurobehavioral outcomes. Neurobiol Aging. 2023;128:74-84. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging. 2023.04.012
6. Güngen C, Ertan T, Eker E, Yaşar R, Engin F. Standardize Mini Mental Test'in Türk toplumunda hafif demans tanisinda geçerlik ve güvenilirliği [Reliability and validity of the standardized Mini Mental State Examination in the diagnosis of mild dementia in Turkish population]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2002;13(4):273-281.
7. Morris JC. The clinical dementia rating (CDR): current version and scoring rules. Neurology. 1993;43(11):2412-2414. doi:10.1212/wnl.43.11.2412-a
8. Bernal J. Thyroid hormone receptors in brain development and function. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007;3(3):249-259. doi:10. 1038/ncpendmet0424
9. Akintola AA, Jansen SW, van Bodegom D, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and cognitive function in people over 60 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Aging Neurosci. 2015;7:150. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00150
10. Thvilum M, Brandt F, Lillevang-Johansen M, Folkestad L, Brix TH, Hegedüs L. Increased risk of dementia in hypothyroidism: a Danish nationwide register-based study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021;94(6):1017-1024. doi:10.1111/cen.14424
11. van Vliet NA, van Heemst D, Almeida OP, et al. Association of thyroid dysfunction with cognitive function: an individual participant data analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(11):1440-1450. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2021.5078
12. Kamyshna II, Pavlovych LB, Kamyshnyi AM. Prediction of the cognitive impairment development in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis and hypothyroidism. Endocr Regul. 2022;56(3):178-189. doi:10.2478/enr-2022-0019
13. Smith JW, Evans AT, Costall B. Thyroid hormones, brain function, and cognition: a brief review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2002;26(1):45-60. doi: 10.1016/S0149-7634(01)00059-4
14. Correia N, Mullally S, Cooke G, et al. Evidence for a specific defect in hippocampal memory in overt and subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(10):3789-3797. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0555
15. Samuels MH. Psychiatric and cognitive manifestations of hypothyroidism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014;21(5):377-383. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000089
16. Lou K, Liu S, Zhang F, et al. The effect of hyperthyroidism on cognitive function, neuroinflammation, and necroptosis in APP/PS1 mice. J Transl Med. 2023;21(1):657. doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04511-x
17. Tan ZS, Vasan RS. Thyroid function and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;16(3):503-507. doi:10.3233/JAD-2009-0991
18. Chaker L, Wolters FJ, Bos D, et al. Thyroid function and the risk of dementia: the Rotterdam study. Neurology. 2017;88(18):1688-1696. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003987
19. Rieben C, Segna D, da Costa BR, et al. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and the risk of cognitive decline: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(12):4945-4954. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2129
20. Zou Y, Wang Q, Cheng X. Causal relationship between basal metabolic rate and Alzheimer's disease: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Neurol Ther. 2023;12(3):763-776. doi:10.1007/s40120-023-00458-9
21. Salehipour A, Dolatshahi M, Haghshomar M, Amin J. The role of thyroid dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Prev Alzheimers Dis. 2023;10(2):276-286. doi:10.14283/jpad.2023.20
22. Tang X, Song ZH, Wang D, et al. Spectrum of thyroid dysfunction and dementia: a dose-response meta-analysis of 344.248 individuals from cohort studies. Endocr Connect. 2021;10(4):410-421. doi:10.1530/EC-21-0047
23. Hu Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, et al. Is thyroid status associated with cognitive impairment in elderly patients in China? BMC Endocr Disord. 2016;16(1): 1-7. doi:10.1186/s12902-016-0091-0
24. Bensenor IM, Lotufo PA, Menezes PR, et al. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction and cognitive decline: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(12):4485-4493. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2182
25. Rieben C, Segna D, da Costa BR, et al. Association of subclinical thyroid dysfunction with cognitive function: an individual participant data analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(11):1702-1709. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4011
26. Jurado-Flores M, Warda F, Mooradian A. Pathophysiology and clinical features of neuropsychiatric manifestations of thyroid disease. J Endocr Soc. 2022;6(2):bvab194. doi:10.1210/jendso/bvab194
Article available in :
Volume 6, Issue 3, 2025
Page : 265-270
https://doi.org/10.47582/jompac.1671692
Article Information
Received : 11 Nis 2025
Accepted : 11 Haz 2025
Published : 18 Haz 2025
Corresponding Author :

Görkem Tutal Gürsoy: Gorkem Tutal Gursoy, Ankara City Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ankara, Turkey

[email protected]
Citation : Tutal Gürsoy G, Doğan Aycı C, Çopur C, Karadas K. The impact of thyroid dysfunction on domain-specific cognitive performance: a cross-sectional study. J Med Palliat Care. 2025;6(3):265-270. doi:10.47582/jompac.1671692

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